Transhumanism: Can Technology Defeat Death?

What is Transhumanism?

Transhumanism is a movement that aims to transform the human condition by developing and making available sophisticated technologies to enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities in order to enhance and extend human life. Transhumanist thinkers and activists study the potential benefits and dangers of emerging technologies that could overcome human limitations like aging, disability, and sickness.

The most accepted tenet of transhumanism is that human beings will one day transform themselves into different post-human beings with extended physical and psychological abilities that prolong life indefinitely. This is part of what some transhumanists call the Singularity. The term was coined by science fiction writer Vernor Vinge, and the concept has been popularized by futurists like Ray Kurzweil (who doesn’t identify as a transhumanist). The Singularity is expected by proponents to occur sometime in the 21st century (2045 to be exact), although estimates do vary.

As a philosophical and cultural movement, transhumanism acts as a wide umbrella for a number of communities. These include people who identify as transhumanists, futurists, cyborgs, biohackers, cyberpunks, grinders, immortalists, and others.

A Bit of Transhumanist History

Transhumanism developed as a school of thought in the early 20th century, when the British geneticist, J. B. S. Haldane, wrote Daedalus: Science and the Future. Published in 1923, this essay argued that applying science and technology to human biology would benefit humans. In particular, Haldane was interested in the development of the science of eugenics (breeding species to build up “desirable” traits, and weed out “undesirable” ones), ectogenesis (creating and sustaining life in an artificial environment) and the application of genetics to improve human health and intelligence.

Haldane’s work was and continues to be controversial due to his stance on eugenics. However, his ideas, alongside those of Soviet philosophers and futurists, and the theologian Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, influenced the transhumanist movement of the late-20th century. Cryonicist Robert Ettinger, Natasha Vita-More—who authored The Transhumanist Manifesto in 1983—, Max More, F. M. Esfandiary (FM-2030), and other early pioneers, developed transhumanism into a philosophy, a worldview, a scientific study, and a social narrative.

Transhumanist Technologies

Cryonics

Cryonics is the name given to the system of preserving the human body and brain, after death, in anticipation of possible future revival. Cryonics is considered one of the most important transhumanist technologies currently being developed— not only because it is in use today, but because the technology is relatively mature. Using a process called vitrification, the brain and body is “frozen” using an antifreeze mixture that prevents the formation of crystals, causing the water in the body’s cells to freeze smoothly and glass-like.

Maintenance of a cryo-patient (as those who are frozen with this system are called) is not difficult— it only requires the replenishment of liquid nitrogen every three weeks. Patients can be securely “cryo-preserved” for as long as the cryonics company stays afloat and the facilities remain undamaged. Eventual revival does not require the technology to become available tomorrow— as long as the liquid nitrogen continues to be replenished, cryo-patients can remain frozen for as long as it takes to discover a means of reviving them.

Virtual Reality

The development of virtual reality (VR) technologies is something we hear about most in the world of video gaming and the metaverse. However, transhumanists see such technologies as having a much broader potential. Sometime in the 2020s, some futurists claims that high-resolution and immersive reality simulations will be indistinguishable from actual reality. In fact, simulations will be the preferred environments for both work and play.

Pretty soon the main obstacle to true immersive VR will not be the visuals (which are already remarkably close to reality) but the haptics— the sense of touch. It is much more difficult to fool the sense of touch than sight or even smell. But many millions of dollars are spent developing advanced VR, which leads many transhumanists to believe that VR technologies that add to (or completely replace) human lived experience are well on their way to becoming a reality.

There are also transhumanist groups who are in the process of designing a virtual reality heaven. Terasem (the religious organization started by SiriusXM founder Martine Rothblatt) believes that in the future, when we die we will be uploaded into a virtual heaven along with everyone else. Terasem claims that they are building “eternal joy for all kind of sentience,” where we will live in perfect harmony with everything, and everyone around us.

Cybernetics

Most of the cyborgs in fiction fit certain stereotypes— think Robocop or the Terminator. But cyborgs already walk among us, and they look just like anyone else. One famous example of a real-life cyborg is Michael Chorost, who was born almost deaf but now can hear thanks to a cochlear implant. The use of implants to help those with physical disabilities or injuries is already a popular and available practice. This trend will no doubt continue to expand and develop in the future.

Cyborg upgrades, which many believe will become available in the 2020’s and 2030’s, include hearing and vision enhancement, metabolic enhancement, artificial bones, muscles, and organs, and even brain-computer interfaces. Many of these technologies will be implanted beneath the skin. For transhumanists, such technologies are not only opportunities for enhancing physical and psychological capabilities, but also for fighting illness and extending life.

Is Transhumanism Ethical?

If all of this sounds fantastical, you are not alone in thinking so. While few people would argue against advancements in medicine that could lead to a healthier life, or the elimination of disease, the transhumanist ethos presents us with some unique challenges.

Who Has Access?

Who will have access to technologies of immortality and enhancement? There is strong evidence that immortality will be reserved for the privileged few, and will create life distinctions; those who live and those who die, by choice or otherwise. There are many transhumanists who believe that through immortality – biological or technological – we will live a peaceful and fulfilled future. Yet as philosopher Kevin O’Neill argues, this technology could also be used by police forces, dictatorships and for war. What government wouldn’t want an army of super-intelligent, immortal machines at their disposal? 

Will these technologies privilege the Western world? Dmitry Itskov claims that by building to economies of scale, AGI and immortality will be available to all, eventually. The high-cost now will offset the cost later and the process would eventually be open-sourced. But the question goes beyond who can afford and who cannot afford to live forever or live as a cyborg. If machines are built to economies of scale, this suggests that immortality and AGI development and implementation will be disproportional in the developing world.

Itskov and Rothblatt live in a world where society, culture and economics are monolithic, or at least easily parsable. Social unrest? The rich can leave the planet. Unhappy? Give yourself super-intelligence. These answers efface the reality that lives are dynamic, and often unequally distributed.

What About Nature?

Is nature a blindspot of transhumanism? Instead of getting to the root causes of climate change, many proponents of the Singularity look to future technology as the cure. This cure may happen through space colonization (think Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk), or as life inside computer simulations for Rothblatt’s Terasem. Futurists like Ray Kurzweil believe that immortality will be the linchpin that will get us to care about the environment. After all, if we are going to live forever, we need a habitable place to do so.

In Philip K Dick’s futuristic novel Do Android Dream of Electric Sheep, animals have gone extinct, replaced by android replicas. Yet everyone pretends that their animal is real. Where do nonhuman persons fit into the transhumanist cosmic order? The centrality of humans in transhumanist futures is pretty apparent. Humanity+, founded by Nick Bostrom and David Pearce, advocate for a transhumanism that is not anthropocentric and seeks the elimination of suffering across species. But this view is not the norm in transhumanist literature. Would nonhumans have a place in Rothblatt’s cyber-heaven for example? It seems that the future ends at human-centred consciousness.

What is so Wrong About Death?

Transhumanism is many things, but moving beyond current human limitations, means moving beyond aging and death. For many people, death is something to conquer; death isn’t inevitable, it is regrettable. Many religions around the world also share this view and have created complex cosmologies to answer the question of what happens after biological death. Many people conceive of heaven as a social gathering where we will be reunited with our loved ones and live in harmony.

This is what makes Terasem’s ideas so intriguing. They anticipate a similar future where we will all live together in a digital afterlife. Rothblatt and Terasem’s heaven is a utopian dream where violence is outlawed, and everyone experiences collective love (think of the Borg in Star Trek, but positive). But who would maintain the servers through which our new collective consciousness is lived out? If one goes against the collective, can they be punished and if so, how?

While Terasem argues that their cyber-heaven will result in a new age of reason, there is nothing in a Terasem afterlife that should lead us to believe that we will not, short of authoritarian rule, mimic our current “lower reasoned” social and cultural structures. It is a progress narrative that states that with better reasoning and better intelligence, we will move past our current human problems.

Transhumanism brings up a host of issues worthy of serious consideration. Our new will to master death goes hand-in-hand with the ways in which we avoid death and the way we have sanitized death through funeral and body disposition practices. But as those in the Death Positive movement argue, death acceptance can bring us a long way towards fulfillment in life, and even hope in death.

A world where we can live forever might devalue our current existence and drive to self-fulfillment. Death is intimately tied into what it means to be human, and the promise of immortality may only exacerbate social, economic and class differences. These are all open questions, questions which may only be answered the hard way.

The Future of Transhumanism

What does this all mean in today’s world? Is humanity on the road to cheating death, once and for all, and is this something that we really want? As more people accept the transhumanist notion that death is not fate, death could one day become a choice someone makes, and not an inevitability.

While transhumanism may appeal to skeptics by focusing on technology’s capacity to cure illness and aid the disabled, there are a number of troubling questions that are raised when confronted with the idea that we could very well one day escape mortality. Are we supposed to live forever? What would happen to Earth’s resources? The population of the planet? What does it mean to be human?

Transhumanism has been characterized by one critic, Francis Fukuyama, as among the world’s most dangerous ideas, and it isn’t difficult to see why. While the development of transhumanist technologies are well underway, it is hard to imagine how “good” or “bad” our world would become if we could live forever.